| Subtitle | Machine Translation |
| This video is brought to you by Captivating History. | 该视频由 Captivating History 为您呈现 。 古埃及人身上 |
| There is something so uniquely fascinating about the Ancient Egyptians that has captivated | 有种独特而迷人的东西，在过去的两百年里 吸引了 |
| historians, archaeologists, and the public for the last two hundred years…and it’s | 历史学家、考古学家和公众 ……而其中的 |
| easy to see why. From the strange form of writing called hieroglyphics to the mysterious | 原因也很容易理解。 从被 称为象形文字的奇怪书写形式到神秘的 |
| Sphinx and from the macabre mummies to the Great Pyramid, Ancient Egypt was an enigmatic | 狮身人面像，从令人毛骨悚然的木乃伊到 大金字塔，古埃及是一片神秘的 |
| land that attracted Ancient Roman leaders and their militaries to the Egyptian seaports | 土地，它吸引了古罗马领导人 及其军队前往埃及海港，也吸引了 |
| and British Egyptologists to its dusty temples and tombs. Much of our understanding of ancient | 英国埃及古物学家前往其尘土飞扬的寺庙 和陵墓。 我们对古代文化的了解很大程度上 |
| cultures can be attributed to the Ancient Egyptians who left us many texts and treasures, | 可以归功于古 埃及人，他们给我们留下了许多文本和宝藏、 |
| monuments and myths that offer us tantalizing clues about the exotic and wondrous culture | 纪念碑和神话，为我们提供了 有关古埃及奇异而奇妙的文化的诱人线索 |
| of Ancient Egypt. | 。 |
| Egypt is a very old land with civilizations dating to around 5500 BCE. Historians divide | 埃及是一个非常古老的国家，其文明可以 追溯到公元前 5500 年左右。 历史学家将 |
| Ancient Egyptian history into thirds…and the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. | 古埃及历史分为三个阶段…… 古王国、中王国和新王国。 |
| In ancient times, the people of Egypt used the reigns of certain rulers as date markers, | 在古代，埃及人使用 某些统治者的统治作为日期标记， |
| making it difficult for today’s archaeologists to definitively date structures and monuments. | 这使得今天的考古学家很难 确定建筑物和纪念碑的年代。 |
| But the Egyptians kept a record of their kings, or pharaohs, that scholars deciphered once | 但是埃及人保留了他们的国王 或法老的记录，学者 |
| they unlocked the key to translating the writing system of the Ancient Egyptians. | 们一旦解开翻译 古埃及书写系统的钥匙，就能破译这些记录。 |
| In ancient time and today, life in Egypt depends on the Nile River, the life-sustaining body | 无论古今，埃及人的生活都依赖 于尼罗河，这条维持生命的 |
| of water that flows South to North, cutting through the inhospitable desert sands of the | 水体自南向北流动， 穿过撒哈拉沙漠不适宜居住的沙漠 |
| Sahara. The Nile is prone to seasonal flooding, which makes the land on either side of its | 。 尼罗河容易发生季节性洪水， 这使得其两岸的土地 |
| shores rich and fertile, ideal for agriculture. It is a delicate balance, though. If the Nile | 肥沃，非常适合农业。 但这是一个微妙的平衡。 如果尼罗河 |
| floods too much, it can destroy farm fields and settlements. If it doesn’t flood, the | 洪水泛滥，就会摧毁农田 和定居点。 如果不发洪水， |
| crops could wither and die, causing famine and starvation. | 农作物就会枯萎死亡，造成 饥荒。 |
| The rich land along the Nile first led nomadic people to put down permanent agricultural | 尼罗河沿岸的肥沃土地首先吸引 游牧民族在古埃及建立永久的农业 |
| settlements in Ancient Egypt. As these settlements grew, trade and commerce began, class structures | 定居点。 随着这些定居点的 发展，贸易和商业开始了，阶级结构也随之 |
| arose, and artists and craftsmen flourished. Interaction between the different settlements | 兴起，艺术家和工匠也蓬勃发展。 |
| became more frequent as the people of Ancient Egypt moved closer to establishing a unified | 随着古 埃及人民逐渐接近建立统一的 |
| kingdom. | 王国，不同定居点之间的互动变得更加频繁。 |
| The climate of Ancient Egypt was changing. Around 3600, the lands further away from the | 古埃及的气候正在发生变化。 大约 3600 年，远离 |
| Nile were becoming drier and hotter, forcing more people to move to the banks of the Nile. | 尼罗河的土地变得越来越干燥和炎热，迫使 更多的人迁移到尼罗河畔。 |
| The influx of people pushed the limits of the region’s food-producing capabilities. | 人口的涌入突破了 该地区粮食生产能力的极限。 |
| As neighboring communities competed for resources, leaders ordered the construction of walls | 由于邻近社区争夺资源， 领导人下令修建围墙 |
| and other defense tactics. Three main kingdoms formed, and they battled each other for food | 并采取其他防御措施。 三个主要王国 形成了，他们为了食物 |
| and trade goods, and for precious stones and gold. After years of competition, one kingdom | 和贸易商品、宝石和 黄金而互相争斗。 经过多年的竞争，一个王国 |
| rose as the most powerful of the three, and its ruler, King Narmer, put an end to the | 崛起成为三个王国中最强大的一个， 它的统治者纳尔迈国王结束了 |
| conflicts and united the three kingdoms in 2950, making him the first true ruler of Egypt | 冲突并于2950年统一了三个王国 ，成为埃及第一位真正的统治者 |
| and the founder of the first nation-state in history. | 和历史上第一个民族国家的创始人 。 在 |
| Under King Narmer, Egypt gained its national identity. He established a governmental system, | 纳尔迈国王的统治下，埃及获得了自己的民族 认同。 他建立了政府制度， |
| created icons of royalty, such as the crown, and ordered the construction of large and | 创造了王冠等皇室象征， 并下令建造大型 |
| ornate buildings as a show of the importance of the royal family. During King Narmer’s | 华丽的建筑，以显示 皇室的重要性。 在纳尔迈国王 |
| reign or shortly after, a system of writing was developed in Ancient Egypt. The written | 统治期间或之后不久， 古埃及发展了一种书写体系。 书面 |
| language began as a form of record-keeping for commerce but quickly developed into a | 语言最初是作为商业记录的一种形式， 但很快就发展成为 |
| way for royal scribes to keep track of the names and titles of rulers, and their lineage | 皇家文书记录 统治者姓名和头衔、血统 |
| and key events. Hieroglyphics allowed them to immortalize their kings in history. | 和重大事件的一种方式。 象形文字使他们 的国王永垂不朽。 |
| Egyptian kings, or pharaohs, were all-powerful in Egyptian society. Pharaohs were viewed | 埃及国王或法老 在埃及社会拥有无限权力。 法老被视为 |
| as the earthly embodiment of Horus, the link between humans and the gods; therefore, when | 荷鲁斯在人间的化身，是 人类与神之间的纽带； 因此，当 |
| a ruler took the throne, he was immediately given divine status. He had a dual role of | 一位统治者登上王位时，他立即被 赋予了神圣的地位。 他肩负着双重使命：一是 |
| appeasing the gods and keeping his human subjects safe, productive, and healthy. Times of drought, | 安抚诸神，二是保佑人类 安全、富有生产力并且健康。 |
| disease, famine, or war, according to the Ancient Egyptians, did not happen by natural | 根据古埃及人的说法，干旱、疾病、饥荒或战争的 发生并不是自然 |
| means, but because the gods were displeased with the pharaoh, and he was being punished. | 现象，而是因为众神 对法老不满意，因此对他进行了惩罚。 |
| The priests of Ancient Egypt were second only to the pharaohs in power. Although they did | 古埃及的祭司的 权力仅次于法老。 虽然他们没有 |
| not have a direct line of communication with the gods like the pharaohs, they were tasked | 像法老那样与众神直接沟通，但他们的使命是 |
| with aiding the pharaoh in keeping the gods happy and the citizens thriving. Priests could | 协助法老让众神 高兴、让公民繁荣昌盛。 |
| become wealthy in Ancient Egypt, primarily through the gifts they were given by wealthy | 在古埃及，牧师可以变得富有，主要 通过那些 |
| people who wanted to put in a good word with both the gods and the pharaoh. | 想在 神和法老面前说好话的富人所赠的礼物。 如果 |
| A discussion of Ancient Egypt would not be complete without addressing two of the biggest | 不讨论埃及的两个最大地 |
| landmarks in Egypt: the Great Pyramid at Giza and the Sphinx. The Great Pyramid is also | 标：吉萨大金字塔 和狮身人面像，那么对古埃及的讨论就不完整。 大金字塔也被 |
| called the Pyramid of Khufu after the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh who ordered its construction. | 称为胡夫金字塔，以纪念 下令建造它的第四王朝的法老。 |
| It is the oldest of the three pyramids in the Giza complex, and dates to around 2560 | 它是吉萨金字塔群三座金字塔中最古老的一座 ，其历史可追溯到公元前 2560 年左右 |
| BCE. The structure remains a marvel of ancient engineering and construction. Thought to be | 。 该建筑仍然是古代 工程和建筑的奇迹。 大金字塔曾被认为是 |
| a tomb, the Great Pyramid was the crowning achievement of Egypt’s pyramid builders | 一座坟墓，但它却是 埃及金字塔建造者的最高成就， |
| who built 80 pyramids in all. | 他们总共建造了 80 座金字塔。 |
| Equally impressive and more mysterious is the Great Sphinx, also on the Giza Plateau. | 同样令人印象深刻且更加神秘的是 位于吉萨高原的大狮身人面像。 这尊 |
| The enormous statue of the mythical creature who was half-human and half-lion is often | 半人半狮的神话生物巨大雕像通常被 |
| attributed to the pharaoh Khafra, putting its construction at roughly 2494 BC. Some | 认为是法老哈夫拉所作， 其建造时间约为公元前 2494 年。 |
| historians and archaeologists, however, theorize that the Sphinx may be much older. We do know | 然而，一些历史学家和考古学家推测 狮身人面像的历史可能要古老得多。 我们确实知道， |
| that at various points in history, the Great Sphinx was nearly swallowed up by the desert | 在历史的不同时期， 狮身人面像几乎被沙漠吞没 |
| sands. It was buried up to its neck by the shifting sands of the Sahara and had to be | 。 它被 撒哈拉的流沙埋到了脖子以下，必须 |
| dug back out. The enigmatic Sphinx, along with the Great Pyramid of Giza, are symbols | 再挖出来。 神秘的狮身人面像 与吉萨大金字塔一起是 |
| of Egypt recognized around the world. | 世界公认的埃及的象征。 |
| The pharaohs that reigned in the New Kingdom, between 1570 and 1070 BC, wielded more power | 公元前 1570 年至 1070 年间，新王国时期的法老 |
| and command that any rulers who preceded them. These were the rulers who extended Egypt’s | 比之前的任何统治者拥有更大的权力和指挥权。 这些统治者扩大了埃及的 |
| landholdings, built ambitious temples and monuments, and established foreign diplomacy | 土地，修建了雄心勃勃的寺庙和 纪念碑，并与周边国家建立了外交关系 |
| with surrounding nations. In the twenty years he ruled, Pharaoh Thutmose III built Egypt | 。 在其统治的二十年里 ，法老图特摩斯三世 |
| into a formidable empire through decisive military victories, which are chronicled in | 通过决定性的军事胜利将埃及建设成为一个强大的帝国 ，这些胜利都被记载在 |
| Karnak’s Hall of Annals. | 卡纳克的年鉴里。 |
| Another of Egypt’s New Kingdom pharaohs, Akhenaten, is best remembered for being the | 埃及新王国的另一位法老 阿肯那顿最为人所铭记的是他 |
| ruler who tried to change religious worship in Ancient Egypt. Before Akhenaten’s reign, | 试图改变 古埃及的宗教崇拜。 在阿肯那顿统治之前， |
| Egyptians worshipped a pantheon of deities, in much the same way as the ancient Greeks, | 埃及人崇拜万神殿， 与古希腊、 |
| Romans, and Norse. Akhenaten, however, forced the citizens into monotheism with only one | 罗马和北欧人的方式大致相同。 然而，阿肯那顿强迫 公民信奉一神教，只信奉一个 |
| supreme god, a sun deity. The people of Ancient Egypt naturally balked at this sudden and | 至高无上的神，即太阳神。 尽管很少有人公开反对法老，但古 埃及人民自然 |
| radical shift in their religious practices, although few spoke out against their pharaoh. | 对宗教习俗的这种突然而彻底的转变感到畏惧 。 |
| After his death, polytheism was restored, statues and monuments to Akhenaten were destroyed | 他死后，多神教恢复， 阿肯那顿的雕像和纪念碑被毁坏 |
| or dismantled, and his name was expunged from the record of kings. | 或拆除，他的名字也被从 国王记录中抹去。 |
| The beautiful Egyptian queen, Nefertiti, was married to Akhenaten, but not much else is | 美丽的埃及女王娜芙蒂蒂 嫁给了阿肯那顿，但人们 |
| known about her. Queens only ruled in partnership with their kings; however, historians believe | 对她的了解并不多。 女王只 与国王合作统治； 然而，历史学家认为，在 |
| that Nefertiti may have served as the sole ruler of her people after her husband’s | 她的丈夫 |
| death and before the boy pharaoh, Tutankhamun, began his reign. We may not know much about | 去世之后、少年法老图坦卡蒙 开始统治之前，娜芙蒂蒂可能是她的人民的唯一统治者。 我们可能对 |
| Nefertiti’s background, but we do know what she looked like. A bust of her likeness, believed | 娜芙蒂蒂的背景了解不多，但我们知道 她的长相。 1912 年，一位德国考古学家在艺术家的作品中发现了一尊与娜芙蒂蒂相似的半身雕像，据信 |
| to have been sculpted in 1345 B.C., was unearthed in an artist’s work by a German archaeologist | 是公元前 1345 年雕刻而成。 |
| in 1912. The bust of Nefertiti, often called the most beautiful woman who ever lived, is | 娜芙蒂蒂经常被称为 有史以来最美丽的女人，她的半身雕像目前 |
| on display at a museum in Berlin. | 在柏林的一家博物馆展出。 |
| Upon the death of Akhenaten, there was no clear heir to assume the throne. The only | 阿肯那顿死后，并没有 明确的继承人来继承王位。 唯一 |
| appropriate person was Tutankhamun, a seven-year-old child. The boy pharaoh, as he later became | 合适的人选是图坦卡蒙，一个七岁的 孩子。 |
| known, became a household name after his treasure-laden, nearly intact tomb was discovered in the Valley | – |
| of the Kings in 1922 by British archaeologist Howard Carter. Besides the priceless treasures, | 1922 年，英国考古学家 霍华德·卡特在帝王谷发现了这位少年法老的陵墓，里面装满了宝藏，这位少年法老的名字也从此家喻户晓。 如果传说属实，那么除了无价的宝藏、 |
| ornate sarcophagus, and mummified remains of the pharaoh, the tomb held back a curse | 华丽的石棺和法老的 木乃伊遗骸外，这座陵墓还隐藏着一个诅咒， |
| – if the legends are to be believed – that caused the strange and unexpected deaths of | 导致 |
| Carter and several members of the archaeological team. The mystery of the curse, along with | 卡特和考古队的几名成员离奇意外地死亡 。 诅咒之谜和大量 |
| the trove of valuable artifacts made a fascinating story, leading to King Tut’s immense fame. | 珍贵文物构成了一个令人着迷的 故事，并为图坦卡蒙带来了巨大的名声。 |
| The discovery of King Tut’s tomb and the worldwide attention it garnered put the Ancient | 图坦卡蒙墓的发现及其 引起的全世界的关注使古 |
| Egyptians’ unique funeral and burial practices in the spotlight. In the mythology and religion | 埃及人独特的葬礼和埋葬习俗成为人们 关注的焦点。 在古埃及的神话和宗教中 |
| of Ancient Egypt, the belief in the afterlife was of high importance. Pharaohs and nobles | ，对来世的信仰非常 重要。 法老和贵族们 |
| spent their lives preparing for their deaths and tried to ensure that they would enjoy | 一生都在为死亡做准备， 并试图确保自己能享受 |
| a comfortable afterlife. A key component of this was the preservation of the corpse. The | 舒适的来世。 其中一个关键因素 是尸体的保存。 |
| people of Ancient Egypt developed effective embalming and mummification techniques, including | 古埃及人发明了有效的 防腐和木乃伊制作技术，包括 |
| wrapping the deceased in strips of linen cloth, that took advantage of the dry desert climate | 用亚麻布条包裹死者， 利用干燥的沙漠气候 |
| to keep the body intact. | 来保持尸体的完整。 |
| The funeral rituals of the Ancient Egyptians guaranteed the deceased had a safe journey | 古埃及人的葬礼仪式 保证死者能够安全地到达 |
| to the afterworld. Some pharaohs were buried with boats that could transport him to the | 来世。 有些法老的葬礼上会配有 船只，以便送他去往 |
| great beyond. Servants and family members were also buried with the pharaoh so they | 来世。 仆人和家庭成员 也与法老一起埋葬，以便他们 |
| could serve him in the afterlife. All the worldly objects he may need were also added | 在来世能够侍奉他。 他可能需要的所有世俗物品也被放入 |
| to the tomb, including items of great value that may have favored the gods. The walls | 墓中，其中包括 可能受到神灵青睐的贵重物品。 |
| of tombs themselves were lined with prayers and spells meant to protect the dead. And | 墓穴的墙壁上刻满了祈祷文 和咒语，旨在保护死者。 而且 |
| the tombs were hidden and secured to tomb robbers could not find them and steal the | 墓穴被隐藏起来， 盗墓者无法找到并盗走 |
| precious artifacts inside. | 里面的珍贵文物。 |
| Toward the end of the Egyptian empire, Egypt was an integral part of the political and | 埃及帝国末期，埃及 是地中海政治和 |
| economic activities of the Mediterranean Sea. Roman and Greek leaders, scholars, and philosophers | 经济活动不可分割的一部分。 罗马和希腊的领导人、学者和哲学家 |
| regularly interacted with Egyptians, which influenced the Egyptian culture. Some of the | 经常与埃及人互动，从而 影响了埃及文化。 一些 |
| interactions became personally and politically entangled. Such was the case with Cleopatra, | 互动变得涉及到个人和政治 问题。 |
| the daughter of Ptolemy XII. A weak and ineffective leader, Ptolemy XII often called on Rome for | 托勒密十二世的女儿克利奥帕特拉就是这种情况。 托勒密十二世是一位软弱无能的领导人，他经常向罗马寻求 |
| military and political support. Upon his death, the throne passed to Ptolemy XIII, who was | 军事和政治支持。 他死后， 王位传给了 |
| just a child. Therefore, the elder Ptolemy’s daughter, Cleopatra, was married to the younger | 年仅孩子的托勒密十三世。 因此，长子托勒密的 女儿克利奥帕特拉嫁给了小 |
| Ptolemy, and she took control of the country in the interim. When he grew older, the two | 托勒密，并暂时控制了国家 。 当他长大后，两位 |
| rulers battled each other for control until Julius Caesar, and his army arrived in Alexandria | 统治者为了争夺控制权而互相争斗，直到 尤利乌斯·凯撒率领军队抵达亚历山大， |
| to negotiate a truce between them. Struck by her beauty and charm, Caesar and Cleopatra | 双方谈判达成停战协议。 凯撒被克利奥帕特拉的美貌和魅力所吸引，与她 |
| became lovers, and he fathered her child. After Caesar’s murder, Cleopatra began a | 结为恋人，并生下了她的孩子。 凯撒被谋杀后，克利奥帕特拉开始 |
| relationship with another prominent Roman, Mark Antony. The couple had three children | 与另一位著名的罗马人 马克·安东尼建立关系。 这对夫妇育有三个孩子 |
| together, but their relationship was torn apart by war. In a true-life “Romeo and | ，但他们的关系 因战争而破裂。 在现实生活中的“罗密欧与 |
| Juliet” scenario, Cleopatra hid in a tomb and sent word to Mark Antony that she was | 朱丽叶”场景中，克利奥帕特拉躲在坟墓里， 并传话给马克·安东尼，说她 |
| dead. Upon hearing the news, the distraught Mark Antony tried to kill himself. As he lay | 已死。 听到这个消息后，悲痛欲绝的 马克·安东尼试图自杀。 在他 |
| dying, he was told of the mix-up, and that his lover was still alive. He ordered his | 弥留之际，有人告诉他发生了混淆， 他的爱人仍然活着。 他命令手下将 |
| men to take him to Cleopatra and he died as she held him in her arms. Devastated by losing | 他带给克利奥帕特拉，结果他在 她怀里死去。 失去 |
| her love, Cleopatra allowed an asp to bite her, and she, too, died. | 挚爱的克利奥帕特拉悲痛欲绝，她让一条毒蛇咬了 自己，最后也死了。 |
| Thanks to stories like that of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, the cursed tomb of King Tut, | 马克·安东尼 和克利奥帕特拉的故事、图坦卡蒙国王的诅咒之墓、 |
| the mysterious Sphinx, and the cryptic hieroglyphics, the culture of Ancient Egypt has inspired | 神秘的狮身人面像和神秘的象形文字等， 古埃及文化激发了人们的 |
| wonder and awe. From the desert sands of Northern Africa, a complex, mysterious, and fascinating | 惊奇和敬畏。 在北非的沙漠中 ，诞生了一个复杂、神秘而迷人的 |
| civilization arose that is still the subject of study and research to this day. Unlike | 文明，至今仍是 研究的主题。 与 |
| any other culture on Earth, the Egyptians accomplished amazing feats of engineering | 地球上的其他文化不同，埃及人在神秘的金字塔的背景下 完成了令人惊叹的工程壮举 |
| and pioneered the idea of national identity against the backdrop of the enigmatic pyramids. | 并开创了民族认同的思想 。 |
| To discover more about Ancient Egypt, then check out our book, Ancient Egypt: A Captivating | 要了解有关古埃及的更多信息，请 查阅我们的书《古埃及： |
| Guide to the Egyptian History, Ancient Pyramids, Temples, Egyptian Mythology, and Pharaohs | 埃及历史、古金字塔、 寺庙、埃及神话以及 |
| such as Tutankhamun and Cleopatra. It’s available as an e-book, paperback and audiobook. | 图坦卡蒙和克利奥帕特拉等法老的迷人指南》。 它 有电子书、平装书和有声读物等形式。 |
| Also, grab your free mythology bundle e-book for free while it is still available. All | 此外，请尽快免费获取免费的神话捆绑电子书 。 所有 |
| links are in the description. If you enjoyed the video, please hit the like button and | 链接均在描述中。 如果您喜欢 该视频，请点击“喜欢”按钮并 |
| subscribe for more videos like this. | 订阅以获取更多类似的视频。 |
