{"id":865,"date":"2025-03-02T23:29:58","date_gmt":"2025-03-02T23:29:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/egypt.zj1963.com\/?p=865"},"modified":"2025-03-05T04:03:42","modified_gmt":"2025-03-05T04:03:42","slug":"%e8%87%aa%e7%bd%97%e9%a9%ac%e6%97%b6%e6%9c%9f%e7%9a%84%e5%9f%83%e5%8f%8a%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e9%98%b6%e6%ae%b5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/egypt.zj1963.com\/?p=865","title":{"rendered":"\u5916\u65cf\u7edf\u6cbb"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_72 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">\u76ee    \u5f55<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/egypt.zj1963.com\/?p=865\/#1_%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D305%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%94%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D30%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89\" title=\"1. \u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u738b\u671d\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d305\u5e74\u2014\u516c\u5143\u524d30\u5e74\uff09\">1. \u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u738b\u671d\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d305\u5e74\u2014\u516c\u5143\u524d30\u5e74\uff09<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/egypt.zj1963.com\/?p=865\/#2_%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D30%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%94%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83395%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89\" title=\"2. \u7f57\u9a6c\u57c3\u53ca\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d30\u5e74\u2014\u516c\u5143395\u5e74\uff09\">2. \u7f57\u9a6c\u57c3\u53ca\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d30\u5e74\u2014\u516c\u5143395\u5e74\uff09<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/egypt.zj1963.com\/?p=865\/#3_%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83395%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%94%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83641%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89\" title=\"3. \u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u57c3\u53ca\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143395\u5e74\u2014\u516c\u5143641\u5e74\uff09\">3. \u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u57c3\u53ca\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143395\u5e74\u2014\u516c\u5143641\u5e74\uff09<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/egypt.zj1963.com\/?p=865\/#4_%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83641%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941517%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89\" title=\"4. \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143641\u5e74\u20141517\u5e74\uff09\">4. \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143641\u5e74\u20141517\u5e74\uff09<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/egypt.zj1963.com\/?p=865\/#5_%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%881517%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941867%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89\" title=\"5. \u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff081517\u5e74\u20141867\u5e74\uff09\">5. \u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff081517\u5e74\u20141867\u5e74\uff09<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/egypt.zj1963.com\/?p=865\/#6_%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%EF%BC%881867%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%94%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A%EF%BC%89\" title=\"6. \u73b0\u4ee3\u57c3\u53ca\uff081867\u5e74\u2014\u81f3\u4eca\uff09\">6. \u73b0\u4ee3\u57c3\u53ca\uff081867\u5e74\u2014\u81f3\u4eca\uff09<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/egypt.zj1963.com\/?p=865\/#%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93\" title=\"\u603b\u7ed3\">\u603b\u7ed3<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D305%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%94%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D30%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89\"><\/span><strong>1. \u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u738b\u671d\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d305\u5e74\u2014\u516c\u5143\u524d30\u5e74\uff09<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u57c3\u53ca<\/strong>\uff08Hellenistic Egypt\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7531<strong>\u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u4e00\u4e16<\/strong>\uff08Ptolemy I Soter\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u5927\u5e1d\u7684\u5c06\u9886\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u867d\u7136\u662f\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u4e86\u5de9\u56fa\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e5f\u91c7\u7528\u57c3\u53ca\u6cd5\u8001\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\uff0c\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u6e2f\u6210\u4e3a\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4e0e\u8d38\u6613\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u514b\u5a04\u5df4\u7279\u62c9\u4e03\u4e16<\/strong>\uff08Cleopatra VII\uff09\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u5979\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u57c3\u53ca\u88ab\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u541e\u5e76\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D30%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%94%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83395%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89\"><\/span><strong>2. \u7f57\u9a6c\u57c3\u53ca\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d30\u5e74\u2014\u516c\u5143395\u5e74\uff09<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u57c3\u53ca\u6210\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u7701<\/strong>\uff08Roman Egypt\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7531<strong>\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u90fd<\/strong>\uff08Augustus\uff09\u541e\u5e76\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u7701\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ecd\u7136\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u57c3\u53ca\u6210\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u201c\u7cae\u4ed3\u201d\uff0c\u5411\u7f57\u9a6c\u4f9b\u5e94\u5927\u91cf\u7cae\u98df\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u6e2f\u7ee7\u7eed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5728\u6b64\u65f6\u671f\u9010\u6e10\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>4\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u8d70\u5411\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u57c3\u53ca\u6700\u7ec8\u5e76\u5165\u4e1c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83395%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%94%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83641%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89\"><\/span><strong>3. \u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u57c3\u53ca\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143395\u5e74\u2014\u516c\u5143641\u5e74\uff09<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e1c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u5e1d\u56fd\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u57c3\u53ca<\/strong>\uff08Byzantine Egypt\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>395\u5e74\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u57c3\u53ca\u5f52\u4e1c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u5e1d\u56fd\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e3b\u8981\u4fe1\u4ef0\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u5206\u6b67\uff08\u4e1c\u65b9\u6b63\u7edf\u6d3e vs. \u79d1\u666e\u7279\u6d3e\uff09\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>7\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u8428\u73ca\u6ce2\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u66fe\u77ed\u6682\u5360\u9886\u57c3\u53ca\uff08\u516c\u5143618\u5e74\u2014\u516c\u5143629\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u6536\u590d\u57c3\u53ca\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>641\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5e1d\u56fd\u653b\u5360\u57c3\u53ca\uff0c\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u7edf\u6cbb\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83641%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941517%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89\"><\/span><strong>4. \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143641\u5e74\u20141517\u5e74\uff09<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5316\u4e0e\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u7edf\u6cbb<\/strong>\uff08Islamic Egypt\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>641\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684<strong>\u62c9\u5e0c\u5fb7\u738b\u671d<\/strong>\uff08Rashidun Caliphate\uff09\u5f81\u670d\u57c3\u53ca\uff0c\u57c3\u53ca\u9010\u6e10\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5316\u548c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u540e\u6765\u57c3\u53ca\u5148\u540e\u88ab<strong>\u502d\u9a6c\u4e9a\u738b\u671d<\/strong>\uff08Umayyad\uff09\u3001<strong>\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u738b\u671d<\/strong>\uff08Abbasid\uff09\u3001<strong>\u56fe\u4f26\u738b\u671d<\/strong>\uff08Tulunid\uff09\u548c<strong>\u6cd5\u8482\u739b\u738b\u671d<\/strong>\uff08Fatimid\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1171\u5e74\uff0c\u8428\u62c9\u4e01\u5efa\u7acb<strong>\u963f\u5c24\u5e03\u738b\u671d<\/strong>\uff08Ayyubid Dynasty\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u6297\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1250\u5e74\uff0c<strong>\u9a6c\u6728\u7559\u514b\u738b\u671d<\/strong>\uff08Mamluk Sultanate\uff09\u638c\u6743\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u57c3\u53ca\u8fd1\u4e09\u767e\u5e74\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%881517%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941867%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89\"><\/span><strong>5. \u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff081517\u5e74\u20141867\u5e74\uff09<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u57c3\u53ca\u6210\u4e3a\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u884c\u7701<\/strong>\uff08Ottoman Egypt\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1517\u5e74\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u82cf\u4e39<strong>\u585e\u5229\u59c6\u4e00\u4e16<\/strong>\uff08Selim I\uff09\u51fb\u8d25\u9a6c\u6728\u7559\u514b\uff0c\u5360\u9886\u57c3\u53ca\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u57c3\u53ca\u6210\u4e3a\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u7701\uff0c\u9a6c\u6728\u7559\u514b\u8d35\u65cf\u4ecd\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1798\u5e74\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u5165\u4fb5\u57c3\u53ca\uff0c1801\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u91cd\u65b0\u63a7\u5236\u57c3\u53ca\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>19\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u6307\u6d3e<strong>\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u963f\u91cc<\/strong>\uff08Muhammad Ali\uff09\u4e3a\u57c3\u53ca\u603b\u7763\uff0c\u4ed6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86<strong>\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u00b7\u963f\u91cc\u738b\u671d<\/strong>\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4f7f\u57c3\u53ca\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%EF%BC%881867%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%94%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A%EF%BC%89\"><\/span><strong>6. \u73b0\u4ee3\u57c3\u53ca\uff081867\u5e74\u2014\u81f3\u4eca\uff09<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u4e0e\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65f6\u671f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1867\u5e74\uff0c\u57c3\u53ca\u6210\u4e3a\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u56fd\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a<strong>\u57c3\u53ca\u8d6b\u8fea\u592b\u56fd<\/strong>\uff08Khedivate of Egypt\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1882\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5b9e\u9645\u5360\u9886\u57c3\u53ca\uff0c1914\u5e74\u57c3\u53ca\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u4e3a<strong>\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u56fd<\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1922\u5e74\uff0c\u57c3\u53ca\u5ba3\u5e03\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb<strong>\u57c3\u53ca\u738b\u56fd<\/strong>\uff08Kingdom of Egypt\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1952\u5e74\uff0c<strong>\u7eb3\u8d5b\u5c14<\/strong>\uff08Gamal Abdel 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